In this post we will explore the world of solar inverter, which are essential for the operation of solar power systems. We will look at the features of the best photovoltaic inverters, how they work, options with storage, and provide an overview of the best inverters available on the market.
Index:
- What PV inverters are for
- PV inverter features
- How an inverter works
- Solar inverters with storage
- Solar inverter cables
- Common issues and maintenance
- Costs of PV Inverters
What PV inverters are for
Solar inverter are electronic devices, components of photovoltaic system of which they are the core. Their main function is to convert the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC), which can be used to power domestic and industrial equipment. Without inverters, the energy generated by solar panels would not be compatible with most electrical appliances.
PV inverter features
A good solar inverter must have several key features to ensure efficiency and durability. Here are some key aspects to consider:
- Efficiency: Conversion efficiency is crucial. The best photovoltaic inverters have an efficiency of more than 95 per cent, which means that only a small part of the energy is lost during conversion.
- MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker): This component optimises the efficiency of the solar system by constantly monitoring the maximum power point of the panels. An inverter equipped with MPPT can greatly improve the amount of usable energy.
- Robustness and Reliability: Inverters must withstand harsh environmental conditions such as high temperatures, humidity and dust. High-quality materials and international certifications are indicators of a reliable product.
- Interfaces: The possibility to monitor and control the inverter remotely via Wi-Fi or Ethernet is a great advantage. Many modern inverters offer apps to monitor performance in real time via smartphone.
- Warranty and Service: The best manufacturers offer extended warranties (up to 10 years) and excellent after-sales service. It is important to check the availability of local service centres.
How an inverter works
A photovoltaic inverter works through a multi-stage conversion process:
- DC Input: The energy produced by solar panels is direct current. This is sent to the inverter via specific cables.
- DC/AC conversion: Inside the inverter, a conversion circuit transforms direct current into alternating current.
- Synchronisation with electric power system: the inverter synchronises the converted energy with the frequency and voltage of the household electricity system.
- Distribution: The alternating energy is sent to the switchboard to supply power to households. Any surplus can be fed into the national distribution system.
Solar inverters with storage
Photovoltaic inverters with storage represent a technological development that integrates battery systems for energy storage. These inverters, also called ‘hybrids’, allow excess energy produced during the day to be stored for use when the solar panels are not producing energy, such as at night or on cloudy days.
Advantages of storage inverters
- Increased self-consumption: Maximises the use of the energy produced by the solar system, reducing dependence on the electricity distribution system.
- Energy Cost Savings: Saves on the cost of electricity purchased from the electricity distribution system by using stored energy during peak production hours.
- Emergency Backup: Provides backup power in the event of electricity interruptions, improving home energy security.
Solar inverter cables
In order to perform to the maximum, each individual component of the photovoltaic system must meet high quality and safety standards and must comply with the characteristics described in CEI EN 50618:2014.
They must, according to this standard, have a copper core covered by an insulation sheath, with a rated voltage of 1,000 V AC and 1,500 V DC. They must withstand a maximum tolerable temperature of 120°, and have a minimum cross-section to guarantee safety, which must not be less than 0.25 sq. mm/A, for cables up to 50 metres in length.
Common issues and maintenance
Solar inverters, like all electronic devices, can run into problems. Here are some of the most common:
- Overheating: Can reduce the efficiency and lifetime of the inverter. It is important to ensure good ventilation and proper installation.
- Overload: Can damage the inverter. It is essential to size the inverter correctly in relation to the output of the photovoltaic system.
- Red light on: Indicates a malfunction. Consult user manual or contact technical support.
Costs of PV Inverters
The cost of photovoltaic inverters varies according to power and functionality. Here are some examples of indicative prices:
- PV Inverter 3 kW: Average price between 800 and 1500 euro.
- PV Inverter 6 kW: Average price between EUR 1500 and 3000.
- Hybrid Inverter with storage: Variable prices, generally over 2000 euros.
PV inverters are essential components for the functionality and efficiency of solar systems. The choice of the best solar inverter depends on the specific requirements of the system and the desired technical characteristics.
By considering efficiency, robustness, monitoring functions and storage capacity, you can optimise the performance of your solar system, minimising energy costs and maximising self-consumption. Investing in a good PV inverter means greater sustainability and energy independence for the future.
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